If these conditions are severe, it is possible that the removal of the cataract does not offer any improvement in vision. Your ophthalmologist can tell you about the degree of improvement you can expect.

Treatment

Surgery is the only way your ophthalmologist can remove a cataract. However, if symptoms of a cataract are mild, it is possible that a simple change in your eyeglass prescription is all that is required for you to see comfortably.

There are no medications, dietary supplements, exercises or optical devices that have proved useful to prevent or cure cataracts.

There are two main techniques for cataract extraction:

- The extracapsular cataract extraction involves making a cut of about 11 to 12mm so that it can take full posterior implants an intraocular lens in the capsular bag

- Phacoemulsification involves making an incision <3mm. Wherever you enter a piece of ultrasound to fragment and aspirate the cataract finally injecting the same incision a foldable intraocular lens

With phacoemulsification the patient can resume their normal lives much sooner and with early visual recovery with extracapsular technique

As a disadvantage, the phacoemulsification technique is more difficult to learn and the equipment is more expensive.

It is shown that properly used condoms prevent transmission of the AIDS virus and contagion in other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Another preventive measure to keep in mind is to recognize any symptoms, especially those who go away even if the disease continues.

Typical symptoms are itching, itching, yellowish discharge, pain, inflammation and warts. The men have no visible symptoms in some diseases, but if the broadcast. If you suspect that you have some kind of STD you have to do is seek medical attention immediately. Almost all STDs can be cured. The sooner treatment begins, there is less risk of permanent problems. The diagnosis and treatment is usually not painful or expensive.

The places where you can get help is to go to a general practitioner, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, a specialist in dermatology, to a family planning centers, or to centers specializing in sexually transmitted diseases.

If a person has been diagnosed with an STD should tell your partner or people who’ve had sex recently, reports of illness you have and can have the possibility of contagion, even if no symptoms.

STDs are transmitted during sexual intercourse through the vagina, penis, anus during oral sex or by contact with infected blood and from mother to child. Most of the microbes causing these diseases need warm, moist places to live, therefore infect the mouth, rectum and sex organs (vagina, vulva, penis and testicles).

These diseases are not inherited but acquired transmissible if while she is pregnant. In this case it is a native disease, ie it is acquired in the uterus. ”

ASSISTED FERTILIZATION

Many couples suffer from infertility problems. Until recently, not had any solution. But in recent years, thanks to research there were surprising advances to solve them.

Assisted reproductive techniques are methods that offer infertile couples the highest probability of achieving a pregnancy.

The most notable progress was that of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

IVF is an assisted reproduction technique by which eggs and sperm are placed in contact in vitro. Both the fertilization and the early stages of embryonic development take place within a culture medium (capsule) that is located in a place specifically designed for it, and 37 ° C for two days.

From this, the resulting embryo is transferred from the maternal uterus where they can continue their development and after natural fertilization.

IVF allows for reaching “directly” to the eggs and sperm, facilitating their meeting. Therefore, it is indicated primarily when there is a mechanical cause it impossible, for example, absence or obstruction of the fallopian tubes, or where the sperm are deficient in natural barriers across different way to the uterus.

At first, the first and great indication for IVF was tubal pathology (alteration of the tubes), but today have added others, such as endometriosis, unexplained infertility of long standing, male sterility, after several attempts with insemination artificial, and so on.

DIFFERENT STAGES OF A CYCLE OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

a. Ovulation stimulation

Ovarian stimulation was performed with hormonal products (FSH / HMG) tailored to each patient in order to obtain as many mature eggs, and thus increase the possibility of transferring more than one embryo, thus increasing the possibilities of pregnancy.

b. Treatment control or monitoring

This monitoring is absolutely necessary to evaluate hormone therapy instituted, to ensure that all goes well, and indicate the optimal time to “trigger ovulation. This control is effected through two essential procedures:

1. Dosage blood (blood samples) for hormonal control.
2. Ultrasound examinations to determine the number and size of ovarian follicles.

c. Triggering of ovulation

When the size of ovarian follicles measured by ultrasound and hormonal levels determined by blood dosages are satisfactory, ovulation is triggered with an injection of HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin). The application of it is indispensable to complete follicular maturation.

d. Follicular puncture for oocyte

It conducts approximately 35 hours after injection of HCG. This technique is simple and fast. Is performed vaginally (so that there is no scar at all) under ultrasound guidance, under local anesthesia.

e. Collection of semen

Should be the day of follicular puncture. Abstinence is advised three days, because if the span is too short to be poor semen sperm, and if the period is extended a number of them will be killed and another significant percentage showed a significant decrease in motility, condition it essential for fertilization.

It prepares the sperm to be able to penetrate the egg, this is achieved through various techniques (swim-up, percoll gradients, etc.).

f. Biological stage. What happens in the laboratory?

The contents of the punctured follicles (follicular fluid and oocytes), it is immediately observed under the microscope, then wash and prepare the eggs for the fertilization process. In a capsule, each egg is placed in the presence of approximately 150,000 sperm. Fertilization which is the penetration of sperm into the egg, occurs several hours later.

g. Embryo transfer

The transfer is a simple act and devoid of risks. Aspirated the resulting embryo into a very thin flexible catheter, it is inserted vaginally into the uterus through the cervical canal, then gently deposited the embryos in the uterine cavity.

h. What happens after the transfer?

New hormonal dosages are needed to diagnose early pregnancy. The first dosage of ßHCG (pregnancy hormone) is made 12 days after the transfer. If negative, it means no deployment. If positive, repeat at 48 pm. If you still positive, it is a “chemical pregnancy” at 6 ½ weeks, an ultrasound, and if you look at the gestational sac we call “clinical pregnancy.

Tubal Transfer

* In EMBRYO TRANSFER Tubal oocyte recovery and insemination is performed the same way as in IVF-ET but instead the embryos are not transferred to the uterus but the fallopian tubes.
* The Tubal TRANSFER gametes are implanted in the fallopian tube male and female gametes.

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNIQUES

Other problems arose as the IVF technique was improved. At first the women had the operation to extract the single egg that was to liberate naturally fertilized and then could be that the woman had already ovulated, or extracted after Unfertilized or fertilized after, transfer to the uterus not be implanted, so that the woman was not pregnant. Repeated attempts to make the woman could get pregnant sometimes after 10 years, many operations and a high economic cost.

To improve efficiency attempted to control ovulation and stimulate research and obtaining more than one egg, fertilize several, try to plant several blasts, and also learn to conserve freeze unused embryos for another attempt if not succeed in the first implantation.

This opened up the spectrum of possible procedures. It is possible the donation of eggs, like sperm, embryo selection (by sex or discarding those who carry a defective gene), the removal and disposal of some implanted embryos (in cases of multiple pregnancies) may be a child and years later his twin ie it was fertilized at the same time but that was frozen pending, it is possible for a child to be born years after the death of their parents or have children without ever having sex. All these technological possibilities arising from changes in the treatment of sterile women are very different to the possibilities of natural procreation.

OTHER TECHNIQUES OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

The LOW COMPLEXITY TECHNIQUES include ovarian stimulation, application of hormones that allow the production of more eggs of better quality, and artificial insemination, the introduction of a semen sample at higher than normal number in the uterine cavity of women.

The micromanipulation techniques include the injection of between 5 and 8 of a single sperm or below the egg membrane Poluco.

Natural fertilization is a complex phenomenon, which is the union of male and female gametes (eggs and sperm), resulting from this union the formation of a unicellular organism (egg cell or zygote), starting point of a new being. The semen (seminal fluid and sperm) is deposited in the back of the vagina, and begins the ascent into the tube. It is in the outer third of this in which case the meeting and union of egg and sperm: fertilization. Produced after fertilization, the new self, cell or zygote undergoes cell division process called segmentation. Then begins the migration of the embryo to the uterus. The nesting, ie uterine implantation, occurring in about 7 days of the occurrence of fertilization.

GIFT: Gamete intrafallopian transfer means. The male and female gametes (eggs and sperm) are transferred together with one or both fallopian tubes. Fertilization occurs in the tube, and the resulting embryo migrates to the uterus, as in natural reproduction. The indications, we can enumerate: sterility of unknown origin (primary indication), endometriosis and infertility of immunologic, cervicogenic, male problems, and so on. Of course, the patients eligible for this method must have at least a horn sound. A cycle of GIFT is similar to one of IVF with the same stages of:

1. Stimulation of ovulation for several eggs.
2.
3. Triggering of ovulation with HCG.
4. Inspiratory follicular puncture, usually by transvaginal ultrasound.
5. Collection of semen and sperm preparation.
6. Short incubation of eggs and sperm.
7. Transfer of gametes (rather than as in IVF embryos) in the tube (not in the uterus as in IVF). This is done by laparoscopy, under general anesthesia.
8. In some cases, if considered appropriate, a diagnostic laparoscopy is combined with GIFT.

PROST: The intrafallopian transfer of ova pronuclei stage. In the PROST the eggs are aspirated by transvaginal and fertilized in a dish in the laboratory 24 hours. later the pronuclei in a state of pre-embryos are transferred to the tube. These are the differences with GIFT and IVF, as the rest of the procedure is the same.

TET and ZIFT: Here, the fertilized egg divided, early-stage embryo segmentation, is transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy. So is his name TET (Tubal Embryo Transfer). The other stages are the same as in the GIFT. These techniques ZIFT, PROST, TET, differs from GIFT in that fertilization occurs in the laboratory, not in the tube. On the other hand, are different from IVF, because the transfer is made to the trunk and not the uterus.

ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection). The ICSI is a micromanipulation procedure in which an egg is set, and is injected inside a single sperm. This means that it would suffice to obtain a single sperm, either from the ejaculate, or even directly from the testicle, in order to perform this technique. The injection is made with a special microscope of extraordinary definition, which adds a system of small arms that hold two micro. These arms regulate their movement by a hydraulic and electronic system commanded by a joystick. The procedure starts with the induction of ovulation. Then, the eggs are extracted by transvaginal ultrasound puncture under local anesthesia. In the laboratory, the eggs are cleaned and placed in a special culture medium sealed by a layer of oil. The sperm are selected after repeated washings. The egg is laid by one of the micropipettes. In turn, a spermatozoon is immobilized and the other micropipette aspiration, then inject it into the egg. The next day, if we observe the presence of two pronuclei, male and female, we know that fertilization has occurred. At 24h. Moreover, we have an embryo, capable of being transferred to the uterus of the mother.

Infectious diseases sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are caused by sexual intercourse, through semen or vaginal fluids, also via transplacental in the case of AIDS, adding the blood-borne transmission. Some of these diseases can have serious health consequences and even be fatal.

There are now a permanent increase of STDs in predominantly the same people under 25 years, this phenomenon is given by:

* Start early sexual intercourse;
* Less fear of STDs by the existence of new antibiotics;
* Increased immigration and emigration of the population;
* Preference in the use of hormonal contraceptives and IUDs at the expense of barrier methods;
* Lack of preventive measures against STDs especially in developing countries;
* Lack of Sex Education.

Most STDs are treatable and curable. It may be without symptoms and sometimes the symptoms may disappear, but the disease is not curable, if not received adequate treatment. For this reason it is important that women undergoing gynecological screening (once or twice a year), if they have sex.
If left untreated, can cause serious health problems such as sterility, blindness, mental disorders, physical birth defects, increased odds of developing cancer, heart disease and even death.
A person can have more than one STD at the same time and can re-enter the same disease. The more you delay treatment, the greater the damage they cause, therefore, if a person has the slightest suspicion that has been exposed to infection should consult a doctor immediately. Sexual partners should be examined and treated simultaneously to avoid re infecting each other. These diseases are transmitted during sexual intercourse in the vagina, anus or during oral sex (sucking or sucking). Some of these diseases (HIV and hepatitis B) can also be transmitted by contact with infected blood.

Most of the microbes causing these diseases need warm, damp places to live. Therefore infect the mouth, rectum and sex organs (vagina, vulva, penis and testicles).

Symptoms that may indicate a person has an STD are:

In men:

* Sores, bumps or blisters near the genitals, anus or mouth;
* Burning pain when urinating or a bowel movement;
* Need to urinate continually;
* Itching around sex organs;
* Red, swollen throat;
* Flu-like symptoms with fever, chills and aches;
* Swelling around the sexual organs.

In women:

* Flow or unusual odor in the vagina;
* Pain in the pelvic area, in the place between the navel and genitals;
* Burning or itching around the vagina;
* Bleeding from the vagina that is not your normal rule;
* Pain in the vagina during intercourse.

There are over 50 diseases that are sexually transmitted but most important are:

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): PID is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection that has not been addressed properly, such as Chlamydia or gonorrhea. Often the first symptoms are ignored and PID is not diagnosed until they reached an advanced stage. It can cause tubal scarring that can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy (tubal).
The most common symptoms are pain ranging from moderate to severe in the lower abdomen, fever, cervical tenderness and / or abnormal vaginal discharge.
Blood tests that may suggest a show EPI erythrocyte sedimentation rate elevated, and elevated C-reactive protein. A positive result combined with gonorrhea or chlamydia symptoms are likely to be a diagnosis of PID. Hospitalization is recommended for the treatment of PID in women with HIV although mild or early infections can be treated on an outpatient basis. The pregnant women with HIV and that they are suspected of having PID should be hospitalized and treated with antibiotics and that these are approved for pregnancy since many of the antibiotics used to treat EPI are not recommended during pregnancy.

To carry out family planning, contraceptive methods exist. Such a method is used with a very specific purpose which is to prevent pregnancy.

But it must be adjusted to the needs of each partner, advised, ie obtaining an accurate and detailed information on how to use, efficiency, cost, advantages, disadvantages, etc., and medical monitoring, consulting a professional.

There is no ideal contraceptive method, therefore, to increase its effectiveness, some experts recommend a combination thereof.

Contraceptive methods cover a variety of user needs, are safe and offer many health benefits and may provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

The most common contraceptive methods are:

Condoms: Male condoms are thin sheaths of rubber, vinyl or natural products that are placed over the erect penis. Condoms can be treated with spermicide for added protection. They stop sperm, ie removed the semen during ejaculation be retained there and not have access to the female reproductive system, also prevents microorganisms (STDs, including HIV and HIV and AIDS) from passing from one member of partner to another. The way you use the condom is placed over the erect penis before starting sex (carnal knowledge between men and women he) should leave a space at the tip for the semen is deposited there. After ejaculation, the condom should be held securely in place while withdrawing the penis from the vagina to prevent sperm from coming in contact with it. Condoms are disposable and can be used only once, one for each sex. The advantages of this method is that it is safe when used correctly. The disadvantages that can bring the use of condoms may be that these are broken while being used, but this does not happen you have to use condoms that are new and have been stored properly, use those condoms with reservoir tip or let sufficient space at the tip for the semen has nowhere to stay when ejaculation occurs, use condoms come lubricated with spermicide, this combines with a latex barrier effective action of the chemical to kill sperm. The effectiveness rate is 88% approximately. Condoms can be purchased at doctors’ offices, commercial establishments, including supermarkets, convenience stores, pharmacies, etc., are easily and requires no prescription. It is inexpensive and has no contraindications.

Condoms: The female condom is a thin plastic coating with polyurethane rings at opposite ends. These are inserted into the vagina before intercourse. Like male condoms, female condoms prevent sperm from gaining access to the female reproductive tract and prevent microorganisms (STDs, including HIV and HIV and AIDS) from passing from one partner to another.

VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM The diaphragm is a flexible dome-shaped latex cup that is inserted into the vagina before intercourse and covers the cervix. This prevents sperm from gaining access to the upper reproductive tract (uterus and fallopian tubes) and serves as a container for the spermicide destroys (the sperm). It can be used more than once. The woman inserts the diaphragm into the vagina, this must be lubricated with jelly, before intercourse. Must remain in the vagina for 6 to 8 hours after intercourse, but must be removed within 24 hours. After each use the diaphragm is washed with water, dried and stored in its case. The advantage provided by the use of this element is that once learned its proper use, requires medical control, except after pregnancy, childbirth or weight change in women. For this technique to be effective and avoid pregnancy, must be placed correctly and used every time the couple have sex. This method requires prior review by the physician to prescribe tailored to each woman. The diaphragm is available in a pharmacy with a prescription.

Withdrawal: This method consists of removing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation occurs. This prevents much sperm from entering the vagina. This technique requires man to identify the time before ejaculation and withdraw the penis before semen is. The disadvantage is that there is a high risk that the woman becomes pregnant. Using this method requires great control of oneself. Couples often find that the practice of this technique leaves them physically and emotionally unsatisfied, so it is little used as a permanent method of contraception. It is a technique to use occasionally, when no other method available.

Birth-control pills are small pills that a woman ingests daily to prevent pregnancy. Contain hormones (estrogen and progestin) that prevent the ovary from releasing an egg and also block the cervix with a thick mucus. The pills come in boxes of 21, 28 or 35 units. Women consuming a pill at the same time each day and, depending on the brand you use, can have a one-week break during which he also acts, avoiding pregnancy. It is a very safe method to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. Its use must be indicated and monitored by a health professional to assess the contraindications for each case. A family planning clinic can offer both the medical examination required before prescribing pills, like a prescription to obtain them. In many countries you can get the pill without a prescription, but is recommended for safety of the young to undergo a medical examination. Hormonal contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. People who choose to use pills or other hormonal birth control should be protected against these diseases. For many young women, oral contraceptives are a very effective method.

Other hormonal contraceptives: There is acting hormonal contraceptives like the pill mode, but differ in their mode of administration and duration of its contraceptive effect. Both methods require a prescription and medical supervision. There are injectables that are applied by intramuscular injection whose effect lasts one to three months and others that are contraceptive implants are capsules that release hormones to be placed under the skin, usually in the arm by a health professional. Its contraceptive effect lasts approximately five years.

INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD): A plastic device in various ways, often as a T with copper wire on the plastic that a health professional placed inside the uterus. The presence of the IUD probably alters the secretions of the uterus and tubes. This situation interferes with many of the steps needed to achieve fertilization. This reduces the possibility of union of sperm and preventing fertilization of the egg. Scientific studies show that through this mechanism of action of IUDs prevent pregnancy. A health professional trained IUD inserted in the uterus, a thin plastic thread that is tied to the IUD stays in the vagina to facilitate their control or withdrawal. It’s very safe. Is inserted only once and gives a continuous and effective protection. The disadvantages are that it produces is not an appropriate method for youths who have not had a child. It is available from family planning clinics, pharmacies and in private practice health professionals. It is recommended that this method uses only the women who have already had a birth and having a single sexual partner. It prevents the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases.

BILLINGS METHOD OF CERVICAL MUCUS OR: observed changes in vaginal secretions (discharge), during ovulation, these are more abundant and transparent. Recognizing the woman’s fertile period through the changes in cervical mucus during the menstrual cycle, observing daily the quantity and consistency. She has acknowledged in his fingers filancia cervical mucus. (Filancia is the ability to spread mucus to form threads as in the figure). Recognizing the changes in cervical mucus and they are divided into three periods. First period: From the period and up to five days before ovulation, the vagina is dry and poor cervical mucus is thick and filante not to touch. Second period: During ovulation, the vagina is moist and the mucus is clear and abundant filante touch, which allows and facilitates the mobility and promotion of spermatozoa into the tubes. These will remain until about two days after ovulation. If you want to avoid pregnancy, you should refrain from having engaged in sexual intercourse during ovulation. Third period: The vagina to be dry again and again is poor cervical mucus is thick and not filante. This period begins two days after ovulation and lasts until the next menstruation. The presence of a vaginal infection difficult to use the method. This method does not produce side effects. However, their use requires a certain level of knowledge and training by qualified personnel.

SPERMICIDES: These are chemicals (usually nonoxynol-9) that inactivate or kill sperm. Available in aerosols (foams), creams, vaginal tablets, vaginal suppositories or dissolvable films. Spermicides cause the rupture of the membranes of sperm, which decreases movement (motility and mobility) and their ability to fertilize an egg. Should be introduced into the vagina before intercourse. The advantage provided by this method is that it is simple and easy to learn. The disadvantage is that there is a high risk of pregnancy. Some men and women have allergic reactions to spermicides, but the problem is sometimes resolved by changing the brand of spermicide. These spermicides are available in pharmacies and health clinics.

METHOD OF LACTATION: The method of lactational amenorrhea (LAM) is the use of breastfeeding as a contraceptive. This is based on the physiologic effect of suckling to suppress ovulation. To use breastfeeding as a contraceptive method effective, it requires the mother to feed your baby only breast milk or, at least, breastfeed for almost all feedings. In addition, the / the baby must be less than six months old and the mother is amenorrheic.

Periodic abstinence method (NATURAL): It consists of determining the fertile period of women through the registration of at least six consecutive menstrual cycles in a calendar. Write down every month the day you start your period. Then calculates the length of each cycle. For practical purposes, the probable date of ovulation is obtained by subtracting 18 days the shortest cycle and 11 days longer cycle. The result informs the days of possible fertility. If the difference between shorter cycles and longer is ten days or more, not the conditions for using this method.

BASAL TEMPERATURE METHOD: Immediately after ovulation causes an increase in body temperature. Therefore, if you keep a daily record of temperature can calculate the day of ovulation. As in the calendar method is required to record at least six cycles. The first day of the cycle (first day of menstruation) is to take your temperature before rising and fasting. Place the thermometer in the mouth for three minutes and record the temperature every day until the first day of next menstruation. It is convenient to record situations that may have altered the temperature (infections, colds, ingestion of drugs such as aspirin, dipyrone, etc). Usually about half of the cycle, the temperature rises around 0.5 degree and remains elevated until the proximity of the start of the next cycle. When an increase in temperature means that ovulation occurred the day before. An egg can live 24 to 48 hours in the fallopian tube and the sperm can last up to three days if the woman had intercourse during those days of exposure to pregnancy.

The advantage that natural methods of abstinence is not altering the functioning of the body and produce no side effects. The disadvantages are that these methods require regular menstrual cycles and training to calculate the fertile period. All methods of periodic abstinence prevent unwanted pregnancy. Achieving it is absolutely conditional upon recognition of a woman’s fertile period and the correct use of each method.

The Catholic Church accepts only use natural contraceptive methods, except for withdrawal. Rejects artificial methods and discourages the use of condoms.

Misleading term to mask the claim through international agencies impose on poor countries’ anti-life mentality, to prevent human development, which threatens the supremacy of the rich world.

The term reproductive health is disseminated massively following preparatory documents for the so-called major conferences of the 90s “, organized by the UN: Rio de Janeiro, on the environment, in 1992, Vienna on Human Rights in 1993, The Cairo Population and Development in 1994; Copenhagen on Social Development and Beijing on Women in 1995, Istanbul on human habitat, and Rome on world food security in 1996.

As a consequence the term reproductive health has been ideological. Moreover, the fact of separating the right to health in general and to focus especially on the right to reproductive health aspects, is already making ideological stance.

Despite repeated statements that, among other things, seeks an improvement of reproductive health to prevent abortions, it is no less, at least, naive.

Given the stagnation of discussions during the preparatory meetings for the Cairo Conference (1994), the WHO representative at the United Nations headquarters in New York, Andrew J. Joseph, asked a number of clarifications to the then Director of the Division of Family Health WHO, Tormie Turmen. The consultations were on exactly what content is included in the term fertility regulation as part of reproductive health. The answer was that fertility regulation as part of reproductive health includes family planning, abortion, breastfeeding and delayed age of marriage.

Include reproductive health called human rights is part of the “reintrepretacion” of human rights for them at the service of a draft global power of the central countries. Only this will explain:

- The forced sterilizations (for example in Peru, among the refugees from Kosovo, etc.).

- Refusing to give information to women about the abortifacient effects of some contraceptives or negative side effects to the overall health of these or other contraceptives;

- Insisting purely ideological, as in the case of Mexico, to change the wording of medical codes, saying that pregnancy begins at implantation, not conception;

- The denial of the right to conscientious objection of doctors who do not want to prescribe certain contraceptives;

- The stubbornness to include reproductive health as a necessary step for access to credit from institutions such as the World Bank.

This explains, in part, the opposition of the three great monotheistic religions (Catholic, Islamic and large segments of Judaism) to accept fully and without reservation all matters relating to reproductive health. In fact, the representative of the Philippines in a UN meeting held in Canada in 1999, said: “Reproductive health is a term we use to fool Catholics, and thus able to work in abortion.”

It’s not ignore the negative consequences for individuals and society of teen pregnancy, but noted that in any country (eg USA, France, Spain) has decreased the amount of teenage pregnancies using reproductive health plans. And the number of surgical abortions has continued to increase, so that is not enough to avoid providing only the “morning after pill (levonorgestrel and etilestradiol), which is abortion, but also there are proposals to provide products based on mifepristone and misoprostol, which have an abortive effect more intense and extended in time.

Nor can we ignore the deaths from abortion, if that is punishable by law. But first, they insisted only and does not compare with figures of deaths where abortion is authorized by law (eg USA, Germany). Second, do not talk about the indiscriminate distribution of mechanical or chemical means to prevent conception, resulting in increased levels of other diseases, which can be fatal. Thirdly, it is reported that despite the distribution of contraceptives and the saturation of information on reproductive issues, the number of legalized abortions is increasing (eg Spain, USA). And fourth, do not take into account that each abortion or not followed the death of the mother always involves a death of the child.

As it is raised in today’s society it really violates human rights is the term reproductive health and what he brings. To find real solutions to the problems of the reproductive aspect of human health must be another way – education in general and in particular, the value of one person and “the other”;

- Strengthening the family, improved working conditions, especially women, assessment and status of motherhood.

Treatment options for prostate cancer are more recent:

Comment
It consists of observing the patient without providing any treatment to appear or be accentuated symptoms. It is indicated in elderly people with other medical problems and early stage prostate cancer

Surgery
Pelvic lymphadenectomy: It consists in removing the lymph nodes in the pelvis, which are microscopically examined immediately. If the nodes contain cancer, the prostate is not removed and another treatment is recommended.

Radical prostatectomy: prostate is removed along with neighbors and lymphatic tissues. Produces impotence and urinary and fecal incontinence

Transurethral prostatectomy: It removes some of the prostate tissue through the urethra through a cystoscope. Used to relieve the obstruction especially in elderly people who could not tolerate radical surgery or its aftermath

Radiotherapy
It consists of irradiation to kill cancer cells. External irradiation is done by a machine that radiates the body and internal radiation (brachytherapy) with seeds, radioactive wires or catheters. Radiation therapy often produces urinary problems.

Hormonal
It consists in blocking hormone action to prevent tumor growth. This therapy usually produces hot flashes, impaired sexual function, loss of sexual desire, impotence and bone changes. Hormone treatments include:

Releasing factor antagonists of luteinizing hormone that prevent testosterone production by the testis (luproide acetate, and buserelin goselerin)

Antiandrogens such as flutamide and bicalutamide, which counteract the testosterone

Drugs that inhibit adrenal androgens occur as ketoconazole and aminoglutamida

Orchiectomy, or removal of the testicles that are the main source of testosterone production

Estrogen, which promotes female sexual characteristics preventing the testicles from producing testosterone. They are little used because of its serious adverse effects

Cryosurgery
It Destroy the cancerous tissue with very low temperatures

Chemotherapy
Use medications to kill or stop the growth of malignant cells. It is administered orally or injected

Immunotherapy or Biological Therapy
It consists of active and passive stimulation of the immune system that is responsible for preventing the growth of cancer cells

High intensity focused ultrasound
It is the application of high-intensity ultrasound with a probe intrarectal to destroy cancer cells.

Definitions of Surgical nursing

1. Surgical
Joint units are located where the operating rooms, locker rooms, corridors, areas for washing and sterilizing … can be divided into three parts:

• Clean area: where to go perfectly dressed with hat, pajamas … no need to mask.
• Dirty Zone: where they will stop the waste, it is necessary to use special clothing.
• Zone sterile washing before surgery (need to wear the mask.

2. Operating Room
It is one of the many services within the hospital, their performance is only part of the surgical patient care.

3. Surgery
Branch of medicine including prenatal, intra and postoperative patient.

Architecture of the OR

1. Design
There is no design that is suitable for all hospitals. This depends on the number of beds that has, covering diseases …

The number of surgeries depends on:

• Number of interventions to be undertaken
• The length
• Proportion of hospitalized, ambulatory and emergency department.

2. Location

• To be accessible to areas of hospitalization, and not waste time or money.
• Near ICU and resuscitation, as the new operator is a critical patient.
• Well connected: Sterilization (which will take material to the operating room, Radiology, Pathology (intraoperative biopsies to determine the course of the operation, Laboratory

3. Barriers
The operating room must establish barriers to isolate it with:

• The rest of the hospital and outside.
• Its interior, septic and aseptic area.
• Signposted by posters that prevent access to foreign personnel
• Isolated from the noise, do not favor the concentration
• Weatherization isolated from the outside (as it enters the windows around) and air conditioning (fitted with special filters) to provide a moisture content of 50-60%.
• Independent water supply with special filters (control by preventive medicine).
• Clothing for operating room personnel
• Hoists and elevators for exclusive use.
• Temperature over 18 ° C and adequate moisture

4. Design types

• Central Corridor
• Dual-core central corridor aseptic
• Circular (runner peripheral)

5. Access
Clothing; staff, patients and visitors must comply with established rules of the road. This prevents the spread of pathogens to patients and protects personnel from infectious patients.

6. Size
The ideal size is 35-60 m2 from here are too great, it would be useful to have the material to be used at 5-6 feet away and we would have to move increasing the risk of contamination. Less than 35 m2 would be too small, the operating room staff could not move easily.

7. Materials
Floors walls (tiled) and ceilings must be:

• Hard
• No porous
• Resistant to heat, stains and bruises
• Waterproof
• No cracks
• Easy to clean

The floors in particular must be:

• Drivers, in order to dissipate static electricity
• The floor-wall junctions must be rounded thus preventing dirt and dust deposits

8. Facilities

• Tomas vacuum, oxygen, nitrous, etc.. columns are recommended by rigid or folding, which prevent accidental disconnection by staff smoothly.
• The sockets should be multiple, with separate circuits to limit power outages at critical moments
• Generator safety
• All electrical installations have a security system with audible alarms, bright or blockage.