To carry out family planning, contraceptive methods exist. Such a method is used with a very specific purpose which is to prevent pregnancy.

But it must be adjusted to the needs of each partner, advised, ie obtaining an accurate and detailed information on how to use, efficiency, cost, advantages, disadvantages, etc., and medical monitoring, consulting a professional.

There is no ideal contraceptive method, therefore, to increase its effectiveness, some experts recommend a combination thereof.

Contraceptive methods cover a variety of user needs, are safe and offer many health benefits and may provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

The most common contraceptive methods are:

Condoms: Male condoms are thin sheaths of rubber, vinyl or natural products that are placed over the erect penis. Condoms can be treated with spermicide for added protection. They stop sperm, ie removed the semen during ejaculation be retained there and not have access to the female reproductive system, also prevents microorganisms (STDs, including HIV and HIV and AIDS) from passing from one member of partner to another. The way you use the condom is placed over the erect penis before starting sex (carnal knowledge between men and women he) should leave a space at the tip for the semen is deposited there. After ejaculation, the condom should be held securely in place while withdrawing the penis from the vagina to prevent sperm from coming in contact with it. Condoms are disposable and can be used only once, one for each sex. The advantages of this method is that it is safe when used correctly. The disadvantages that can bring the use of condoms may be that these are broken while being used, but this does not happen you have to use condoms that are new and have been stored properly, use those condoms with reservoir tip or let sufficient space at the tip for the semen has nowhere to stay when ejaculation occurs, use condoms come lubricated with spermicide, this combines with a latex barrier effective action of the chemical to kill sperm. The effectiveness rate is 88% approximately. Condoms can be purchased at doctors’ offices, commercial establishments, including supermarkets, convenience stores, pharmacies, etc., are easily and requires no prescription. It is inexpensive and has no contraindications.

Condoms: The female condom is a thin plastic coating with polyurethane rings at opposite ends. These are inserted into the vagina before intercourse. Like male condoms, female condoms prevent sperm from gaining access to the female reproductive tract and prevent microorganisms (STDs, including HIV and HIV and AIDS) from passing from one partner to another.

VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM The diaphragm is a flexible dome-shaped latex cup that is inserted into the vagina before intercourse and covers the cervix. This prevents sperm from gaining access to the upper reproductive tract (uterus and fallopian tubes) and serves as a container for the spermicide destroys (the sperm). It can be used more than once. The woman inserts the diaphragm into the vagina, this must be lubricated with jelly, before intercourse. Must remain in the vagina for 6 to 8 hours after intercourse, but must be removed within 24 hours. After each use the diaphragm is washed with water, dried and stored in its case. The advantage provided by the use of this element is that once learned its proper use, requires medical control, except after pregnancy, childbirth or weight change in women. For this technique to be effective and avoid pregnancy, must be placed correctly and used every time the couple have sex. This method requires prior review by the physician to prescribe tailored to each woman. The diaphragm is available in a pharmacy with a prescription.

Withdrawal: This method consists of removing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation occurs. This prevents much sperm from entering the vagina. This technique requires man to identify the time before ejaculation and withdraw the penis before semen is. The disadvantage is that there is a high risk that the woman becomes pregnant. Using this method requires great control of oneself. Couples often find that the practice of this technique leaves them physically and emotionally unsatisfied, so it is little used as a permanent method of contraception. It is a technique to use occasionally, when no other method available.

Birth-control pills are small pills that a woman ingests daily to prevent pregnancy. Contain hormones (estrogen and progestin) that prevent the ovary from releasing an egg and also block the cervix with a thick mucus. The pills come in boxes of 21, 28 or 35 units. Women consuming a pill at the same time each day and, depending on the brand you use, can have a one-week break during which he also acts, avoiding pregnancy. It is a very safe method to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. Its use must be indicated and monitored by a health professional to assess the contraindications for each case. A family planning clinic can offer both the medical examination required before prescribing pills, like a prescription to obtain them. In many countries you can get the pill without a prescription, but is recommended for safety of the young to undergo a medical examination. Hormonal contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. People who choose to use pills or other hormonal birth control should be protected against these diseases. For many young women, oral contraceptives are a very effective method.

Other hormonal contraceptives: There is acting hormonal contraceptives like the pill mode, but differ in their mode of administration and duration of its contraceptive effect. Both methods require a prescription and medical supervision. There are injectables that are applied by intramuscular injection whose effect lasts one to three months and others that are contraceptive implants are capsules that release hormones to be placed under the skin, usually in the arm by a health professional. Its contraceptive effect lasts approximately five years.

INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD): A plastic device in various ways, often as a T with copper wire on the plastic that a health professional placed inside the uterus. The presence of the IUD probably alters the secretions of the uterus and tubes. This situation interferes with many of the steps needed to achieve fertilization. This reduces the possibility of union of sperm and preventing fertilization of the egg. Scientific studies show that through this mechanism of action of IUDs prevent pregnancy. A health professional trained IUD inserted in the uterus, a thin plastic thread that is tied to the IUD stays in the vagina to facilitate their control or withdrawal. It’s very safe. Is inserted only once and gives a continuous and effective protection. The disadvantages are that it produces is not an appropriate method for youths who have not had a child. It is available from family planning clinics, pharmacies and in private practice health professionals. It is recommended that this method uses only the women who have already had a birth and having a single sexual partner. It prevents the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases.

BILLINGS METHOD OF CERVICAL MUCUS OR: observed changes in vaginal secretions (discharge), during ovulation, these are more abundant and transparent. Recognizing the woman’s fertile period through the changes in cervical mucus during the menstrual cycle, observing daily the quantity and consistency. She has acknowledged in his fingers filancia cervical mucus. (Filancia is the ability to spread mucus to form threads as in the figure). Recognizing the changes in cervical mucus and they are divided into three periods. First period: From the period and up to five days before ovulation, the vagina is dry and poor cervical mucus is thick and filante not to touch. Second period: During ovulation, the vagina is moist and the mucus is clear and abundant filante touch, which allows and facilitates the mobility and promotion of spermatozoa into the tubes. These will remain until about two days after ovulation. If you want to avoid pregnancy, you should refrain from having engaged in sexual intercourse during ovulation. Third period: The vagina to be dry again and again is poor cervical mucus is thick and not filante. This period begins two days after ovulation and lasts until the next menstruation. The presence of a vaginal infection difficult to use the method. This method does not produce side effects. However, their use requires a certain level of knowledge and training by qualified personnel.

SPERMICIDES: These are chemicals (usually nonoxynol-9) that inactivate or kill sperm. Available in aerosols (foams), creams, vaginal tablets, vaginal suppositories or dissolvable films. Spermicides cause the rupture of the membranes of sperm, which decreases movement (motility and mobility) and their ability to fertilize an egg. Should be introduced into the vagina before intercourse. The advantage provided by this method is that it is simple and easy to learn. The disadvantage is that there is a high risk of pregnancy. Some men and women have allergic reactions to spermicides, but the problem is sometimes resolved by changing the brand of spermicide. These spermicides are available in pharmacies and health clinics.

METHOD OF LACTATION: The method of lactational amenorrhea (LAM) is the use of breastfeeding as a contraceptive. This is based on the physiologic effect of suckling to suppress ovulation. To use breastfeeding as a contraceptive method effective, it requires the mother to feed your baby only breast milk or, at least, breastfeed for almost all feedings. In addition, the / the baby must be less than six months old and the mother is amenorrheic.

Periodic abstinence method (NATURAL): It consists of determining the fertile period of women through the registration of at least six consecutive menstrual cycles in a calendar. Write down every month the day you start your period. Then calculates the length of each cycle. For practical purposes, the probable date of ovulation is obtained by subtracting 18 days the shortest cycle and 11 days longer cycle. The result informs the days of possible fertility. If the difference between shorter cycles and longer is ten days or more, not the conditions for using this method.

BASAL TEMPERATURE METHOD: Immediately after ovulation causes an increase in body temperature. Therefore, if you keep a daily record of temperature can calculate the day of ovulation. As in the calendar method is required to record at least six cycles. The first day of the cycle (first day of menstruation) is to take your temperature before rising and fasting. Place the thermometer in the mouth for three minutes and record the temperature every day until the first day of next menstruation. It is convenient to record situations that may have altered the temperature (infections, colds, ingestion of drugs such as aspirin, dipyrone, etc). Usually about half of the cycle, the temperature rises around 0.5 degree and remains elevated until the proximity of the start of the next cycle. When an increase in temperature means that ovulation occurred the day before. An egg can live 24 to 48 hours in the fallopian tube and the sperm can last up to three days if the woman had intercourse during those days of exposure to pregnancy.

The advantage that natural methods of abstinence is not altering the functioning of the body and produce no side effects. The disadvantages are that these methods require regular menstrual cycles and training to calculate the fertile period. All methods of periodic abstinence prevent unwanted pregnancy. Achieving it is absolutely conditional upon recognition of a woman’s fertile period and the correct use of each method.

The Catholic Church accepts only use natural contraceptive methods, except for withdrawal. Rejects artificial methods and discourages the use of condoms.

In developed societies childhood obesity is becoming a health problem increasingly common. To fight it requires a joint effort of parents, school boards, food chains, and generally throughout society.

1. What is obesity?
Obesity may be defined as the result of neglect combined with one of the main features of contemporary society: society of abundance or fullness, and also naturally a large dose of ignorance, which makes us wonder why we have come to this situation.

And is that obesity will become, as the WHO says in the “epidemic of the century”, with serious consequences for health, social and economic.

2. Changing habits
After the Second World War, went through times of scarcity and struggle for survival. The few foods that were within our reach were natural and the effort required not only the cultivation of potatoes, legumes, vegetables or cereals almost always integers (whole grain), but to put bread on the table, had to be kneading.

Then there was obese, ate more rich and looked good, nothing to do with the appearance of the poor than just food available, just the opposite of what is happening in the developed world: the most disadvantaged are the have the highest overweight. He eats a lot and evil in general, the foods we eat are high in calories, but very poor in terms of nutritional value. It is essential that the body meets your nutritional needs.

3. Why fatter?
The man comes equipped from birth with genes and hormones that regulate energy balance equation: on the one hand there are the calories we consume and the other are the calories we burn when we perform any type of physical activity. If we take more calories than you spend, this difference becomes body fat. And this is why overweight and the adverse consequences of obesity that now leads to a growing public health crisis of global reach.

So much so that WHO has adopted a formal estrategiaglobal Diet, Physical Activity and Health, which recommends limited consumption of fat, salt and sugars. The obesity problem demands serious action from governments because it is causing huge costs to health systems.

In today’s society, we buy in supermarkets. The name can not be more illustrative: the shelves are packed with all kinds of food, very appealing to the eye, and delicious to the palate, because they carry too much sugar, salt and high in fat. Tenders accentuates the quantity “Take two for the same price.” Saying that does not require a strong will and moderation, something wrong with our society today, where the excess premium.

According to public health experts, 18% of European children are overweight or obese. He said that children of today will be the first generation in history whose life expectancy will be below those of their parents. This should make a big concern for us, because somehow we are responsible for what our children are taken to the mouth, but an epidemic of this nature should also require the attention of governments.

4. How to fight childhood obesity
It is not an aesthetic problem but the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, or thrombosis, to name a few. It is a matter of education. The European Association for the Study of Obesity shows that 8% of the cost of healthcare in Europe is aimed at treating obesity and related diseases with the disorder.

Being such a large number should be looking at how to combat it responsibly. School boards are required to strengthen hygiene and dietary habits of students, ie, placing the physical care and diet at the same level of consideration that we have with other academic subjects.

Menus avoiding junk foods and soft drinks that children freely in many cases removed from vending machines. Teaching them to eat better, stay active and watch less television. Parents also should take into account all these observations, they are the first educators of their children.

Food chains, similarly, should direct their production to more nutritious products, taking into account that are beneficial to health, above all other considerations.

Should focus their offerings on quality rather than quantity, substituting calories nutrients. And they must pay close attention to the labeling, inserting in places clearly visible and the nutritional value: vitamins and minerals, and calories, salt and type of fat it contains, always in accordance with the regulations of the experts.

It would be advisable for both nutrition companies such as pharmaceuticals, rather than trying to find the product or magic pill that gets dissolve or get rid of body fat, invest those resources into promoting healthier products because in the long term all the world would benefit.

Experts say there is no sacrificing taste or hunger, however, with better planning and better understanding and education, we could all eat and our health better appreciate it.

It is true that we live in a hostile environment and it may be that the price that industrialized countries are paid to development. And again, we return to the idea of the principle: during times of shortage we had to overcome malnutrition and anemia to survive, and in times of plenty, obesity fueled by poor diet and wrong accompanied by physical inactivity is the leading cause of death.

One of the considerations would be: if, after many years of development, humans have ignored our most basic principles, we must introduce between our values of moderation, discipline and solidarity. And if mass production lowers prices, we must consume less and help those who are dying to have nothing more than hunger.

How can I get my child to feed as it should? Are there any tricks to induce effective to try new things or to agree to eat that does not like too much?

These issues are a headache for many parents who fail to find strategies or resources to adequately feed their children during childhood and through adolescence. A stage in which many children and young people would feed exclusively on the basis of fries, spaghetti sauce or “fast food” if the election depended on them.

Psychologists and nutritionists provide some tips and ideas, to make the younger generation to eat better:

• Early childhood habits and preferences.
Kids like anything that produces intense feelings but recognizable, and therefore are attached to the first taste, sweet and salty, and textures such as smoothness or firmness of fat meat. Once accustomed to these stimuli is difficult to accept other eating habits.

Since small like the food tasty and something that “hits” your palate, make meals should be as palatable as possible, using natural flavors and healthy products.

You have to use fresh and dried fruits, sugar cane, Greek yoghurt or “bio” and honey to prepare homemade desserts. Limit the goods must be very sweet or savory little by little you can re-educate the palate of a small to learn to accept less salt and sugar in a matter of weeks.

• The presentation, as important as the content.
To some extent, are attracted to small experiment with new foods, because they want to find something that they are familiar, but not like entertainment with a plate.

The solution is to present food attractively, with new flavors, in small doses. In a few weeks the child will begin to accept the new proposals and to develop eating habits based on the variety.

Most fruits and vegetables can be reduced to juice or sauce, you can combine colors and textures of different ingredients. A small snack presentation gives the child the feeling that he must face a grueling portion.

Nor can we cook too much food because not only lose nutrients but also become insipid. The method of preparing food is crucial: there are children who love the tortilla, but hate fried eggs.

• What’s new in the kitchen, nightmares on the table.
If the child does not accept either the new or unusual foods, encourage and be patient, trying to give different types of products from the outset and ensuring that the dishes have an interesting issue. It is advisable to introduce new foods at the beginning of the meal, when a child is hungry.

If they refuse to test them is to stay calm and offer the food again after a few days, whether prepared or otherwise mixed with one of their favorite dishes.

• The importance of leading by example.
The desires of parents as their children’s condition and most of the time the children want the same foods that are pleasant to their family and are put on the table as usual. Forcing a child to eat something that is disgusting, not the way to forming their good habits.

Nor can we use food as a reward or punishment proper nutrition should not be changed depending on the child’s behavior. It is unacceptable to “forgive” the child’s mashed if he behaves himself or give to eat vegetables if you draw bad grades.

• The same foods prepared differently.
Many children hate what they are difficult to chew or swallow, like pieces of meat, vegetables or fibrous fruit or pieces of bread). To eat minced meat be served in a homemade hamburger, meatloaf, lasagna or pasta sauce.

Most vegetables and fruits can be reduced to a purée, and cuts can be harder to remove. In addition, you can achieve small turning it into ingesting fresh fruit juices and homemade sodas, smoothies, ice creams and purees. The crust of bread can be removed or crushed to cover certain dishes

Good nutrition is essential for sustaining life. The goals of good nutrition for children are to promote optimal growth and development, prevent nutritional deficiency states, to help prevent acute or chronic diseases and providing reserves for tension. Nutritional needs can be met in humans through the nutrients provided by the gastrointestinal tract via food or parenterals.

This section will deal with the following themes:
Nutritional Requirements

• Water
• Calories
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Fiber

Implementation of the recommendations of the diet

• The four basic food groups
• Vegetarian Diets
• Vegetable Proteins
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Zen macrobiotic diet

Nursing Management

• Nutrition Examination

Fluids and electrolytes

• Water
• Fluid Compartments
• Regulation of body water
• Electrolytes
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Acid-Base Balance
• Buffer system
• Respiratory Regulation
• Renal regulation of pH
• Disorders of acid-base
• Metabolic acidosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Joint Disorders

Electrolyte therapy

• Routes of fluid administration
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Parenteral intravenous infusion or total parenteral nutrition (hyperalimentation)
• Types of electrolyte therapy

It is important that nurse to consult this page to give us his opinion of how to improve it to be useful to nurses who are dealing with little ones.